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Browsing Tags cadence

‘In the Spotlight’ with Mary Lynn Griffin

February 6, 2021 · by Garrett McLaughlin

In this edition of ‘In the Spotlight,’ let’s talk with Mary Lynn Griffin. Mary Lynn attended one of my webinars in the Summer of 2020 to understand ways to resolve piriformis/hip pain and improve her running. I have had the absolute pleasure of working with her ever since.

A few of my favorite things (there are actually so many!!) about Mary Lynn is her attention to detail, ability to communicate exceptionally well in our remote relationship, and understanding how the short-term objectives align with her long-term goals. Some areas of the body respond more slowly then others. And this was the case with her hip pain that slowly and surely improved over the last 4-6 months. Luckily, her hard work and determination were the biggest factors which allowed her to take control of the injury to now run on her terms.

While running longer distances without walking, incorporating speed work, and doing so with minimal issues, Mary Lynn has become growingly more committed to the process of getting stronger, improving stability, and increasing her resilience to injury. All of this will set her up well for a strong running future and marathon PR (right, Mary Lynn?)!

Without further ado, let’s shine the spotlight on…

Mary Lynn Griffin

Q: Where are you from?

A: “Midlothian, IL (a suburb of Chicago). In fact my current address is within three miles of my childhood home. Acorn doesn’t fall from the tree!”

Q: What do you do for work?

A: “I am a graphic designer, which I love. I’ve worked on lots of fun and interesting projects over the course of my career.”

Q: What are some of your favorite hobbies?

A: “I’m a hardcore nature enthusiast, so I spend a lot of time in the woods–running, biking, hiking, birding. I tried my hand at snowshoeing recently, and it was super fun!”

Q: If you could live anywhere in the world where would that be? Why?

A: “A 12’ x 12’ cabin in the woods! This is my little joke when I need to get away from everyone, but any place near natural beauty will do.”

Q: Is there something unique about you that most people don’t know?

A: “In my past life, I spent a lot of time in the alternative music scene, which included some unusual encounters with semi-famous musicians.”

Q: You describe yourself as a ‘book worm…’ What is your favorite book of all time and the best book you’ve read within the last year?

A: “So many books! I’ll try to narrow it down. As a lifelong horse lover, I’ve always been a huge fan of Walter Farley’s “The Black Stallion” series. Most recently, I was captivated by Jane Harper’s “The Lost Man”. She’s great at weaving in unexpected plot details that keep you guessing.”

Q: Tell us about your running and exercise background and what is your favorite moment to date?

A: “I was never any sort of athlete, and I picked up running kind of randomly in my adult years. But turns out, I love it so much.

My favorite moment was definitely at the finish line of the 2018 Chicago Marathon. I was exhilarated and exhausted. As I fell in line to receive my medal, I saw what looked like a beautiful angel dressed in white handing out the hardware. Turned out it was then-world-record-holder Paula Radcliffe. It was such an honor!”

Q: If you had to choose between the trail or road running, which is your favorite?

A: “Trail running, no question. It makes me feel like a wild animal. (My husband told me not to say that part!)”

Q: When you first started working with Garrett, what were the goals you wanted to achieve?

A: “First and foremost was to resolve pain in my glute and hip. It had completely sidelined my running, which was not good for my physical OR mental health!”

Q: Over the last 6-months, how would you describe the process of addressing the piriformis injury? And, how did your strength training and running program change while working with Garrett?

A: “As far as strength, I was like most people. When I actually got around to it, it was all about the old standy-bys–squats, curls, some non-specific cardio, etc. But one of the things I’ve loved about training with Garrett is working a program that is totally customized to my issues. He identified and continues to monitor my weak links, and prescribes very specific exercises to address those. I’m certain this has been key to my injury recovery. Also, the running progression has been very methodical (a new concept for me!), which encourages me to run smarter.”

Q: What are the most noticeable improvements you’ve seen so far with your running?

A: “Aside from almost total pain resolution, the biggest thing has been my endurance! Even though I’ve run full marathons, walk breaks always came into play for me. However, after working with Garrett, I was recently able to run eight miles with no walks. I never thought that possible. Also, my pace, cadence, and running economy are better. Actually, so many things are better.”

Q: What is that one thing you dislike the most but continue to work on because you know it will help?

A: “OMG balance exercises! I’m so wobbly! But I know that it will not only make me a better runner, but it will hopefully prevent me from being a “fall risk” as an old lady.”

Q: Some areas of the body respond quickly, while others are an ongoing process. Are there certain movements that you feel still require your full attention to become more proficient with?

A: “I have to really concentrate on single-leg exercise to make sure my knees don’t collapse inward, while I’m also trying to maintain a level pelvis, and…not fall over. Lol. I try to stay really focused on core exercises, too, so I don’t lose correct position. Even though this stuff is tough, I’m really optimistic about future gains.”

Q: You’re a very detail-oriented person. What would you say are the 1-2 finer points which have made the biggest difference?

A: “I run with a metronome now! I know lots of people hate it, but I might actually love it. I’m able to stay super-steady as far as proper cadence, which begets proper pace. It’s kind of Zen, and it really helps me get in the zone. That’s when I’m able to mentally run through all Garrett’s pointers, and try to execute them. The whole process is confidence-building, and fun, too.”

Q: Looking ahead, do you have any new goals/races you are working towards?

A: “Six months ago, I thought the window for more marathon running was closed for me. But now, I’m looking ahead to another 26.2, post-pandemic. And I’d love to crush my PR for the half marathon this year.”

Thank you for reading this ‘In the Spotlight’ segment. And, a big shout out to Mary Lynn Griffin. To learn more about the Healthy Running Program, please click here!

Cadence: How to Manipulate Your Step Rate to Reduce Pain and Improve Performance (FREE Webinar Replay)

August 17, 2020 · by Garrett McLaughlin

Cadence is an important metric to track with your running. That’s because it can help reduce load into sensitive and painful tissues, address common faults with your running mechanics, and even improve running economy. Hence why it’s also called the “low hanging fruit” in the running world! But, cadence has to be approached the right way to create the results you are after.

Recently, I held a 60-minute webinar to talk about the topic of cadence exclusively. It’s my experience from working with countless runners that many are not familiar with cadence and, even if they are, it’s not being manipulated properly to improve running performance and/or reduce pain.

In this FREE webinar replay, what you’ll learn is…

What is cadence?
The research behind cadence as it relates to…
1. Running mechanics
2. Running economy
3. Injury-specific
Methods to calculate your cadence
Tips & drills to manipulate your cadence
Q&A

I hope you enjoy this webinar! Comment below or contact me directly if you have any questions or comments regarding this content. And, if you want to implement the best strategies to improve your running, click here to learn more about the Healthy Running Program.

Build Your Run Series: Running Mechanics (FREE Webinar Replay)

June 29, 2020 · by Garrett McLaughlin

The topic of running mechanics should be front and center for any runner. Plain and simple, it’s important to include supplemental strategies to positively impact your running. At the same time, focus needs to be on optimizing running form and mechanics to express these improvements and see the best long-term results.

Over the years, there has been much debate on what constitutes “proper” running form. In my opinion, since all runners possess different anatomy, biomechanics, and injury history, a one-size-fits-all approach cannot apply in this area. Instead, understanding the needs of your body and modifying running form accordingly will create the most lasting impact. Whether that be increasing speed or reducing the likelihood of injury, understanding the current research will put you on the best path for success.

In this webinar, I presented on the topic of Running Mechanics by thoroughly reviewing the research. It’s my hope that you will use this information to make the necessary modifications that fit your situation specifically.

What you’ll learn is…

The research behind the demands of running, including range of motion & peak muscle requirements
Current research on foot strike – Is one strike pattern better than another?
Stride length – How to correct overstriding and restore push-off
Pronation – Why this is normal but what happens when overpronating
Contralateral pelvic drop – Poor pelvic control and how it correlates to stability and performance
Vertical oscillation – Increased loads and forces associated with being too “bouncey”
Cadence – The low hanging fruit in the running world
Q&A

I hope you enjoy this webinar! Comment below or contact me directly if you have any questions or comments regarding running mechanics. And, if you want to implement the best strategies to improve your running, click here to learn more about the Healthy Running Program.

By: Garrett McLaughlin, MS, ATC, CSCS, ART

Loading Strategies to Resolve Patellar Tendinopathy

March 7, 2020 · by Garrett McLaughlin

| Article written on March 7th, 2020 at 1:17pm | Follow Garrett on Facebook and Instagram |

Anterior knee pain is common amongst runners, athletes, and the general population. In this article, I will attempt to explore different considerations regarding patellar tendinopathy specifically and provide various loading strategies for rehabilitating the knee back to full function.

Click here to connect with Garrett directly about your knee pain.

The patellar tendon is located directly at the front of the knee and connects the quadriceps, patella, and proximal tibia. Pain is usually localized to the inferior pole of the patella and during movements that load the quadriceps. Cook et al reports that approximately 1/3 of athletes who presented with patellar tendinopathy were unable to return to sport for more than 6-months. Therefore, early detection in less severe stages is crucial, as well as the acceptance that resolution of symptoms could take an extended period of time.

Anterior view of the knee joint and patellar tendon.

What’s important to realize about an injury to the patellar tendon is that we are dealing with a dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. According to Thorpe et al, the main function of tendons is to “transfer muscle generated force to the bony skeleton, facilitating movement around a joint, and as such they are relatively passive, inelastic structures, able to resist high forces.” Despite being able to resist against high forces, as in running, jumping, and many sporting activities, tendons are susceptible to injury based on various scenarios…

The force placed upon the tendon exceeds the tissue’s load capacity
A series of small and repetitive forces are applied for a duration long enough to cause tissue breakdown
Other biomechanical factors are creating compensation elsewhere throughout the kinetic chain which ultimately increases load on the tendon

Regardless of which scenario proves to be true, the end goal of any tendon rehabilitation program is not the absence of pain, but return to full, pain-free function. Like with most injuries, rest is important and will allow the injury to calm down temporarily. However, tendon pain will likely resume when load is re-introduced to the area if the capacity of the tissue is not restored.

In the research article, ‘Current Concepts in Biomechanical Interventions for Patellofemoral Pain,’ Willy et al describe a homeostasis model first created by Scott Dye in 2005. This model suggests that the injury process can be stimulated in response to sudden bouts of increased training loads or stressors. For example, a runner or athlete that is conditioned for a specific distance or intensity but decides to increase one or both of these factors before the tendon is ready to handle the increased workload. That’s why I recommend all runners follow a structured and progressive training program which increases mileage in a safe and effective manner to build tissue tolerance.

Willy et al states that once homeostasis of the tissue is disrupted, sudden increases in training loads may no longer be able to be tolerated even if these are routine daily activities. Therefore, once the tissue is in a pathologic state, the ability to load without pain decreases significantly. The goal now becomes to re-establish this homeostatic relationship to stabilize the tissue, then progressively restore the loading capacity to be more tolerant to the forces it will encounter. Basically, excessive loading created this situation but it will also be a key factor in resolving it for long-term success.

Now, before we cover the loading strategies to resolve patellar tendinopathy, it’s important to touch on cadence, aka step rate, and it’s impact on the knee while running. Overstriding (image B below) is a term that refers to the foot landing too far in front of the body’s center of mass at initial contact. What this does is create a braking mechanism and thus increases energy absorbed at the knee.

Progressively loading the quadriceps and patellar tendon will certainly make the area more tolerant to the forces of running. At the same time, increasing cadence by just 5-10% has been shown to decrease energy absorbed at the knee by 20-34%.

Running at a higher cadence reduces stride length, disperses the amount of force over more steps, and allows the foot to land closer underneath the body’s center of mass. A combination of both approaches is important to consider in order to reduce the likelihood of injury and/or return to running following patellar tendinopathy. Click here to read a more in-depth article that I wrote on the topic called, ‘The Impact of Cadence on Running Mechanics.’

When incorporating the following loading strategies, it’s important to keep in mind the 24-hour rule. Basically, you want to stress the patellar tendon in a healthy way that limits pain to nothing above a 3 out of 10. And if pain lingers, it should resolve completely within 24-hours. This is an important concept to understand with tendon pain. A certain degree of pain is acceptable and might be needed to elicit the desired response from the tendon. However, if your pain exceeds these parameters then modifying certain variables, such as the exercise, tempo, load, and position might be warranted.

Decline Squat Progression

The Decline Squat is a fantastic exercise that utilizes a slant board or elevated heel position to increase demand on the knee. Like with all of these progressions to rehabilitate patellar tendinopathy, it’s important to understand the dose and response relationship before increasing the intensity in anyway. What I mean is, start simple and progress slowly after seeing how the tendon responds to the added load, tempo, and number of repetitions. The different variations of this movement allow you to gradually increase load on the knee joint in a progressive manner. In this video, I demonstrate the bodyweight, goblet, and 2-dumbbell Decline Squat progression.

Spanish Squat Progression

The Spanish Squat is a somewhat newer exercise that I’ve only used for the past 2-years or so. Like with all of these progressions to rehabilitate patellar tendinopathy, it’s important to understand the dose and response relationship before increasing the intensity in anyway. What I mean is, start simple and progress slowly after seeing how the tendon responds to the added load, tempo, and number of repetitions. The different variations of this movement allow you to gradually increase load on the knee joint in a progressive manner. In this video, I demonstrate the bodyweight, goblet, and 2-dumbbell Spanish Squat progression.

Lateral Step-Up with Counterbalance

Since the knee is largely influenced by stability at the foot, ankle, and hip, it’s important to successfully complete one of the bilateral exercises mentioned above and then move on to a single leg variation. The Lateral Step-Up with Counterbalance allows the body to be held in a position that loads directly into the knee joint. Like with all of these progressions to rehabilitate patellar tendinopathy, it’s important to understand the dose and response relationship before increasing the intensity in anyway. What I mean is, start simple and progress slowly after seeing how the tendon responds to the single leg position, load, tempo, and depth of the step. This exercise is usually recommended after laying the foundation with the two bilateral progressions demonstrated above.

Despite showing you two different loading progressions to properly rehabilitate patellar tendinopathy, it’s not my intention for you to complete both of these. I would start by determining which is the best starting point for you and following that path to create a more tolerant and pain-free knee. Once that’s achieved, the Lateral Step-Up with Counterbalance is a suitable next step to incorporate single leg loading and stability. This is especially important if your goal is to return to running or a change of direction sport.

I hope this article has helped you better understand patellar tendinopathy, as well as recommended strategies to reduce pain and increase function. As always, it’s important to consult with a trained healthcare professional to be properly diagnosed and understand the underlying factors which may be contributing to your injury. Please take a second to click here so we can create a structured plan to resolve your knee pain once and for all.

By: Garrett McLaughlin, MS, ATC, CSCS, ART

The Impact of Cadence on Running Mechanics

February 20, 2020 · by Garrett McLaughlin

| Article written on February 20th, 2020 at 12:25pm | Follow Garrett on Facebook and Instagram |

Cadence is a hot topic in the running world, and for good reason. When manipulated properly it can positively impact your running to improve efficiency and reduce strain on sensitized tissues. As always when it comes to changing your running form, it’s important to understand the research, seek the guidance of a trained healthcare professional, and do so in the safest way possible. This article will cover some potential benefits that cadence manipulation can have on your running mechanics.

Let’s start by defining cadence… Cadence, also known as step rate or step frequency, is the number of steps you are taking per minute (spm). An easy way to calculate this is by counting the number of steps on your conversational pace run for 30-seconds and then multiplying that number by 2. This number should vary depending on your pace, intensity, and terrain. So keep it simple by calculating cadence during your long, slow distance run first. If you’re fortunate enough to have a Garmin watch or other wearable technology, it’s likely that your cadence has been tracked all along.

Over the years, there has been a lot of debate surrounding cadence. Famous running coach, Jack Daniels, and local running stores who offer Good Form Running Clinics, often propose 180spm as the gold standard. The problem with that number is, it does not take into consideration the unique characteristics of you as a runner, how many steps per minute your body auto-regulates to, and your injury history. When altering running mechanics, it’s important to do so on an individual basis and while considering every variable. This may or may not mean 180spm ends up being the right cadence for you. And, truthfully, there was no mention of this number in any of the research articles I reviewed.

In the following sections, let’s comb through the research to determine how much impact increasing your cadence can have on your running. I will highlight various research articles and discuss the key findings of each. This will serve as a good review of the literature and you can dig deeper into any article that interests you.

Article #1: Influence of Stride Frequency and Length on Running Mechanics by Schubert et al

Objective: To determine how running mechanics change when manipulating stride frequency and stride length.

Findings:

The knee was the most affected joint when cadence was increased, which displayed a more flexed position at initial contact and less peak knee flexion during the stance phase
The ankle demonstrated a more plantar flexed position at initial contact with a higher cadence
The hip displayed less peak hip flexion and adduction during initial contact with a higher cadence
The foot lands closer to the body’s center of mass when cadence is increased
There was a reduction in peak vertical ground reaction forces
There was a reduction in center of mass vertical excursion
Increasing cadence reduces ground contact time which in turn increases leg stiffness

Click here to view this article.

Article #2: Effects of Step Rate Manipulation on Joint Mechanics During Running by Heiderscheit et al

Objective: Assess the biomechanical effect that a 5% and 10% increase in cadence has on the hip, knee, and ankle joints to determine if it is a possible strategy to reduce lower extremity injury rates.

Findings:

Step length decreased as cadence increased
Decreased center of mass vertical excursion
Reduction in braking impulse at initial contact
Foot inclination angle, peak vertical ground reaction force, and step duration only differed with a 10% increase in preferred cadence
Rate of perceived exertion increased when cadence was 10% greater than preferred cadence
A 5% increase in cadence reduced energy absorbed at the knee by approximately 20%
A 10% increase in cadence reduced energy absorbed at the knee by approximately 34%
A decrease in preferred cadence produced a similar increase in energy absorbed at the knee
A 10% decrease in cadence produced a significant increase in energy absorption at the ankle and hip joints, however, a 10% increase in cadence only reduced energy absorption at the hip joint

Click here to view this article.

Article #3: The Effects of Running Cadence Manipulation on Plantar Loading in Healthy Runners by Wellenkotter et al

Objective: Evaluate the effects of cadence manipulation on plantar loading during running.

Findings:

Total foot contact time and peak force were lower with a 5% increase in cadence
Foot contact time was greater with a 5% reduction in cadence
Faster cadence decreased heel loading and did not increase metatarsal loads
Metatarsal loads were generally reduced with an increased cadence
A 5% increase in cadence was shown to reduce plantar loads 2.4-8.0%

Click here to view this article.

Article #4: Leg Stiffness and Stride Frequency in Human Running by Farley et al

Objective: Determine the relative importance of changes to the leg spring stiffness and the angle swept by the leg spring when humans alter their stride frequency at a given running speed.

Findings:

Stiffness of the leg spring increased 2.3x between a cadence that was 26% below preferred to 36% above preferred
The leg spring becomes stiffer to accommodate a faster cadence and less stiff when accommodating a slower cadence

Click here to view this article.

In conclusion, these research articles show there may be merit when manipulating cadence in certain situations. Increasing cadence may reduce overall load into the affected tissue if you are suffering from a running-related injury and improve running efficiency. Using a metronome can be a helpful tool when increasing to 5% or 10% above your preferred cadence as shown in the articles. It’s recommended to not make any abrupt changes, but do so in a slow and progressive manner which will allow your body to adapt to these changes in running form.

If you have any questions about how cadence manipulation may affect your running or you want more information regarding the Healthy Running Program, click here to contact me directly. Thanks for reading!

By: Garrett McLaughlin, MS, ATC, CSCS, ART